Journal: Physiological reports
Article Title: Loss of hepatic autophagy induces α-cell proliferation through impaired glutamine-dependent gluconeogenesis.
doi: 10.14814/phy2.70381
Figure Lengend Snippet: FIGURE 1 Liver-specific Atg3iLKO mice have decreased fasting glucose and increased amino acid levels. (a) Overview of the liver-specific autophagy-deficient mouse model for this study (Atg3iLKO). (b) Western blots of ATG3, LC3I, and II proteins in liver tissue, with β-actin as loading control. (c) Tissue weight normalized to tibia length of 16 h fasted mice (mean ± SD, n = 4–6, p < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA). (d) Blood glucose levels after 12 h fasting (mean ± SD, n = 7, p < 0.001 by two-way ANOVA). (e) Glucose tolerance test and (f) area under the curve during a 120-min challenge (mean ± SD, n = 7–10, p < 0.05 by unpaired T-test). (g) Insulin tolerance test and (h) area under the curve for 120-min challenge (mean ± SD, n = 5–7, p < 0.05 by unpaired T-test). (i) Serum glucogenic amino acids after a 12 h fast in Atg3fl/fl and Atg3iLKO mice (mean ± SD, n = 6–7, p < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA). Serum (j) alanine and (k) glutamine during 36 h of fasting (mean ± SD, n = 6–7, p < 0.0001 by two-way ANOVA).
Article Snippet: Rabbit primary antibodies used in this study were against ATG3 (Cell Signaling; 3415S), LC3B (Cell Signaling; 2775S), CREB (Cell Signaling; 4820), p- CREB (Invitrogen; PA1- 851), GAPDH (Cell Signaling; 2118), IR (Cell Signaling; 4B8), p- IR (Cell Signaling; 3024), AKT (Cell Signaling; 9272), p- AKT- S473 (Cell Signaling; D9E), and p- AKT- T308 (Cell Signaling; D25E6).
Techniques: Western Blot, Control